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China agents forecast recovery in 2025

SINGAPORE, 28 January 2025: Take your pick. Dragon Trail International’s latest Sentiments Report says 22% of Chinese travel agents interviewed reckoned China’s outbound travel market would make a full recovery during the first half of 2025, 35% hazarded a guess it would be during the second half, and another 22% thought it was more likely to be back at pace in 2026. 

It is not very reassuring if your business relies on Chinese travellers boarding flights in their millions, as was the case in pre-Covid 2019. But the good news is that just 10% of the agents thought recovery was hiding around the corner in 2027.

Dragon Trail International’s Chinese Outbound Travel Trade Survey, which sought the views of 465 travel agents currently selling outbound travel for mainland Chinese travel agencies, was officially released earlier this month and is available on its website.

Click here to view and download the full report, Chinese Outbound Travel Trade Survey 

Dragon Trail International’s researchers opted for the more optimistic outlook, saying the outbound market was “full of promise and potential for new developments. From those who know it best, this optimism about China’s outbound tourism market bodes well for the upcoming Chinese New Year holiday from the end of January 2025, and the rest of the Year of the Snake.”

Key insights from the report

On the threshold of recovery: More than half of Chinese travel agents think the outbound market will fully recover by the end of 2025. Survey data shows a positive outlook on the Chinese outbound travel market. 66% of survey respondents expect the market to have returned to pre-pandemic levels by the end of 2025. However, the anticipated recovery varies by world region, with Asia (excluding the Middle East) expected to see the quickest recovery, followed by Europe.

Optimism about the economy: Chinese travel agents are optimistic about the economy and consumers’ buying power but also looking for the best price

China’s economic environment and consumer confidence are seen by the majority (71% and 68%, respectively) of travel agents as factors that will positively impact the outbound travel market in 2025. 

Young travellers turn to cruises and luxury travel: 43% of travel agents say that the post-00s generation is already part of their core customer demographic, and post-00s and post-90s stand out as the main cohort for island travel. Young travellers also make up a key subset of the luxury travel market and are even increasingly interested in cruises.

Silver generation on big pensions: The silver travel market shows high potential, but special considerations come into play when designing tour products. China’s silver travel market is rapidly growing and rich in untapped potential. Retired and soon-to-retire luxury travellers with large pensions are less price-sensitive than other market segments and seek high-quality travel experiences. However, suppliers must consider key factors such as safety and comfort when catering to this market.

Luxury travel is a diverse market: China’s luxury travel market is not a monolith. According to travel agents, it comprises three distinct demographic groups based on age and background, and each is looking for different kinds of services and experiences.

New sales channels offer the best conversions: Nearly half of the survey respondents have embraced new social media platforms, Douyin and Xiaohongshu, for travel sales and conversion rates are above average. Selling directly via WeChat and at offline events is also particularly effective.

Chinese-language services are a must: Whether a hotel can offer Chinese-language services is one of the top factors Chinese travel agents consider when choosing partners to work with. Chinese-language services and Chinese catering are both in demand for travel products.

(Source: The Chinese Outbound Travel Trade Survey: January 2025  published by Dragon Trail Research (a division of Dragon Trail International). 

For more information, visit Dragon Trail 

Korean Air introduces Airbus A350

SEOUL, 28 January 2025: Korean Air introduced its Airbus A350-900 on commercial flights on 27 January, starting with the popular Seoul Incheon-Osaka route. 

On Monday, KAL confirmed that the first aircraft would operate on the Seoul Incheon-Osaka route twice daily, while a second A350-900 will serve the Seoul Incheon-Fukuoka route once daily.

Photo credit: Korean Air.

The A350-900 is a next-generation aircraft offering superior fuel efficiency and reduced carbon emissions compared to similar aircraft and is expected to advance Korean Air’s sustainability efforts.

The addition of the A350-900 to Korean Air’s fleet addresses growing passenger demand and will strengthen the carrier’s fleet capacity as it continues its integration with Asiana Airlines. 

Initially deployed on short-haul routes to Japan, the A350-900 will begin servicing Taipei in March, along with long-haul destinations, such as Madrid and Rome, in the year’s second half.

The A350-900 showcases Airbus’s most advanced technology in a wide-body aircraft designed for long-haul operations, with versatility to operate efficiently on regional routes. With an operational range exceeding 12,000 kilometres, the aircraft can operate direct flights to all European destinations and most cities in North America.

The A350-900 accommodates 311 passengers, with 28 Prestige class seats and 283 economy class seats. Prestige class features a 1-2-1 staggered configuration, ensuring unobstructed aisle access. These seats offer 22 inches (56 cm) of width and extend to 77 inches (195.5 cm) in bed mode, delivering privacy and comfort.

Economy class features a 3-3-3 layout with ergonomic seats that maximise personal space. The seats adapt to passenger movement for enhanced comfort, with a generous 32-33 inch (81-83 cm) pitch and 18-inch (45 cm) width throughout the cabin.

Prestige class seats have 18.5-inch displays and touchscreen remote controls for enhanced accessibility. Economy Class features Panasonic’s eX3 entertainment system, offering a wide selection of movies, music and TV programmes.

Korean Air will continue expanding its fleet with A350-900 and A350-1000 variants.

Nok Air taps global sales via Sabre GDS

SINGAPORE, 28 January 2025: Thailand-based low-cost airline Nok Air partners with Sabre’s Global Distribution System for the first time to deliver its flight and fare content to travel agents worldwide.

By joining Sabre’s travel marketplace, Nok Air will gain visibility among travel agencies, corporate buyers, and travellers worldwide, driving bookings and revenue growth. Until now, the airline has depended on its website sales to cater mainly to the domestic Thai market.   

Photo credit: Skyball and Naan Togo. Nok Air operates a Boeing 737-800 fleet for domestic and international flights during 2025.

In an official media statement posted by Sabre Nok Air’s CEO Wutthiphum Jurangkool said: “By making our content available via Sabre’s GDS, we’re broadening our global and market segment reach and ensuring both leisure and corporate travellers have more ways to discover and book our flights.”

Established in 2004, Nok Air started its journey in the turbulent Thai aviation market with Thai Airways International as a strategic shareholder. However, it has since been taken over by private Thai investors led by the Jurangkool family, which holds the majority stake (74.86%). TG continues to hold 8.91% of the shares.

Nok Air began its first international service on 31 May 2007, with daily flights to Bangalore, India, but suspended international flights in 2020 due to the Covid-19 pandemic. It serves 24 domestic routes in Thailand using 14 Boeing 737-800s with 189 seats per aircraft.

According to a Wikipedia update, on “30 July 2020, Nok Air filed for bankruptcy and was delisted from the Thai Stock Exchange on 9 January 2025, following a final seven-day window for its trading operations from 27 December 2024 to 8 January 2025.” *

SET announcement: “8 January, 2025, is the last trading day for trading the securities of NOK PRO before delisting.”

Flights are operating normally, and despite its delisting, the airline’s financial performance has shown signs of improvement.

For more information 

* “The rise and fall of Nok Air: A Thai aviation saga”. nationthailand. 10 January 2025. Retrieved 12 January 2025. (Wikipedia).

Sarawak rolls out Lunar New Year welcome

KUCHING, Sarawak, 27 January 2025: The Sibu and Miri Visitor Information Centres under the Sarawak Tourism Board presented the Lunar New Year Market: Spring in the City, a pop-up celebration on 25 to 26 January at the VIC Sibu Garden and VIC Miri Garden.

Over the two festive nights, the event featured cultural performances and displays by artisan vendors, with VIC Sibu hosting 12 vendors and VIC Miri showcasing 22 vendors. Together, they presented a welcome celebration before the start of the Year of the Snake on 29 January.

Visitors enjoyed the festive atmosphere through captivating performances, including the Lion Dance, Dragon Dance, San Tai Zi — an energetic and theatrical dance from Chinese folklore — and an exhilarating Wushu demonstration. 

The event also highlighted the talents of local artisans, providing a chance to explore Sarawak’s creativity and take home handmade crafts. 

As a family-friendly celebration, the Lunar New Year Market delivered a memorable experience for locals, tourists, and the entire community.

Beyond the festivities, the event also underscored the evolving role of Sarawak’s Visitor Information Centres as dynamic community hubs. Originally established to provide travel information, the VICs have grown into hubs that actively collaborate with stakeholders, celebrate Sarawak’s rich culture and attractions, and host events that strengthen community connections while promoting regional tourism.

Aligned with the Sarawak Tourism Board’s commitment to sustainability, the Lunar New Year Market strongly emphasised eco-friendly practices, embodying the Board’s vision for a responsible and dynamic tourism ecosystem. 

Through partnerships with regional stakeholders and support for local artisans, the VICs continue to enhance Sarawak’s tourism offerings while cultivating a robust and collaborative network.

For more information on travel to Sarawak visit Sarawak Tourism Board.

Emirates debuts new uniform

DUBAI UAE, 27 January 2025: Emirates has officially debuted a new uniform designed for its Premium & VIP Passenger Services team, who are responsible for the seamless transfer of Premium & VIP personnel through Dubai International Airport (DXB). 

The new uniform echoes the iconic Emirates cabin crew look. However, it exclusively represents Emirates’ elite unit that caters to high-profile customers.

A new look for an elite team

Emirates’ Premium & VIP Passenger Services in Dubai are a busy and in-demand team, with Dubai lauded as the premier destination for high-net-worth individuals and a central hub for world-class meetings, incentives, conferences and events. The sophisticated uniform introduced at Emirates’ hub reflects the elevated service and attention to detail offered to Premium & VIP customers, as they arrive in Dubai or transit through.

Designed in-house by Emirates’ uniform standards team, there are 3 different variations of the uniform – a stylish A-line skirt suit for ladies, a chic pantsuit for ladies, and a tailored 3-piece suit for gentlemen. Just like the cabin crew uniform, the VIP Passenger Services uniform is designed in warm sand shades, symbolising the desert dunes of the United Arab Emirates, with a subtle red collar and matching cuffs for ladies. The suit is accented by the iconic Emirates red hat with a gold pin showcasing the Emirates logo, and an elegantly draped cream-coloured chiffon scarf, representing the local culture. The look is completed with red leather shoes and matching handbags where Ambassadors can carry iPads and essential documents for their clientele. In the VIP Passenger Services female uniform – fans will notice a red pleat in the A-line skirt, allowing the busy Ambassadors to walk comfortably around the vast airport, and a red leather belt at the waist, adding a stylish touch. The menswear is tailored to perfection and made to measure for each Ambassador, featuring a jacket, pants and waistcoat, accented with a red pocket square and muted tie.

Managing travel for high-profile VIPs

The 145-strong team at Emirates has been meticulously trained to handle high-profile VIP passengers and Premium First Class connecting passengers at Dubai International Airport, offering exceptional service and hospitality to more than 150,000 Premium and VIP passengers annually.

Within the team of 120 Ambassadors and additional operational staff at the Control Centre, there are more than 50 nationalities speaking a myriad of languages to the international First-class connecting passengers and VIPs, across various areas of Dubai International Airport.

VIP Passengers departing Dubai, flying into Dubai and transiting through can include all kinds of dignitaries and heads of state from members of Royal families worldwide, Presidents and former Presidents, international Ministers, Ambassadors, celebrities and public personalities, athletes and actors, and even globally recognised influencers and vloggers. As well as regular VIP travel which occurs throughout the year, the VIP Passenger Services team also carefully plans and prepares for an international calendar of notable events with high levels of VIP travel, like the World Government Summit, Formula 1, Dubai World Cup and Dubai Film Festival, as well as events on the global stage, from the World Sports Events, G20 Summit, EXPO 2025 to the G7 Summit and the World Sustainable Development Summit.

First-class passengers also enjoy a seamless transit experience in Dubai. As connecting travellers, they benefit from dedicated services such as expedited security and escorts to their departure lounge.

Premium & VIP Ambassador services

The core operations consist of two teams: One team manages the Premium First-Class connecting customers at the airport’s airside, and the other manages the high-profile VIP customers.

The VIP team manages pick-ups, drop-offs, check-in, airport transportation, lounge access and departures, connections and arrival formalities for VIP passengers, ensuring their journey is as smooth as possible with privacy and security as high priority. 

The Premium team excels at delivering a first-class experience for connecting customers. This encompasses a range of services, from personalised greetings upon arrival to expedited security checks through fast-track lanes and premium transfers utilising Mercedes Viano or buggies based on gate distances and connection times.

For airline information and to make bookings, visit www.emirates.com.

GHA headlines 2024 expansion

DUBAI, 27 January 2025: UAE-headquartered Global Hotel Alliance (GHA), representing independent hotel brands, described 2024 as a milestone year with record-breaking performance across all key metrics during the group’s 20th anniversary year.

Total revenue generated by the ‘GHA Discovery’ loyalty programme soared to USD2.7 billion, a 16% increase from the previous USD2.3 billion record set in 2023. 

Repeat stay revenue climbed 15% to USD1.6 billion (up from USD1.4 billion in 2023), highlighting the growing engagement of loyal members, while cross-brand stay revenue surged by nearly one-third, reaching USD370 million (up from USD289 million in 2023), driven by members staying in a different brand than where they enrolled.

The 20th anniversary year also saw remarkable growth in loyalty programme membership and engagement. Enrolments reached 3.2 million, up 18%, taking membership past the 30 million threshold. 

In 2024, GHA welcomed seven new hotel brands to its portfolio while existing brands continued to expand, collectively adding 68 new properties to its loyalty programme. New additions included Cheval Collection, Cinnamon Hotels & Resorts, Lore Group, Unike Hotels, Sunway Hotels & Resorts, Andronis Hotels, and Paramount Hotels. 

These brands offer more choices across destinations such as the UK, Norway, the Netherlands, the US, Greece, Sri Lanka, The Maldives, Malaysia, and the UAE.

International travel dominated GHA revenue in 2024, rising to 67%, up from 60% in 2023. This surge highlights the accelerating pace of global travel, fuelled by key feeder markets such as the US, where 73% of member spend was on international stays. Destination-wise, Thailand had 93% of its revenue from international stays (up from 90%), Portugal at 87% (slightly down from 88%), and the Netherlands at 85% (up from 83%). Hong Kong, SAR, and China recovered strongly, leaping into fifth position at 82%, overtaking the UAE, which secured sixth place at 76%.

US and UK travellers remain the top spenders

The US and UK once again claimed the top spots as the most important feeder markets. GHA Discovery members based in these countries generated a combined USD367 million in international stay revenue – up sharply from USD316 million in 2023. Germany retained third place with USD83 million (up from USD67 million), followed by Australia at USD72 million (up from USD56 million) and China at USD66 million (up from USD45 million).

Destination demand trends

Thailand retained its crown as the most popular destination in terms of international stayroom revenue, driven by members based in the UK and US (each generating USD11.8 million) and China (USD10.6 million), while the UAE kept its second-place position, favoured by members from the UK (USD22.4 million), Russia (USD13.7 million) and Germany (USD10 million). Singapore came in third, with travellers in China (USD16.5 million) and Australia (USD13.5 million) flocking to the destination, and Italy was the fourth most popular location, thanks to members based in the US (USD28.4 million) and Germany (USD4.7 million).

Thai hotel revenue peaks in 2024

International guest is coming to the accommodation - hotel, hostel or guesthouse, and after successful check in, going with reception lady to the room.

BANGKOK, 27 January  2025: A new report by SiteMinder, a leading hotel distribution and revenue platform, reveals Thailand as a global standout in 2024, with a strong surge in rates and revenue.

Thailand’s hotel room rates were over 15% higher than the previous year —  the only country with double-digit growth.

The report, SiteMinder’s Hotel Booking Trends, based on over 125 million reservations, shows that Thailand’s average daily rate (ADR) grew to THB 5,377 in 2024, up from THB 4,648 in 2023. Rates peaked in December, reaching THB 6,460 per occupied room, marking an 11% increase compared to the same period in the previous year.

SiteMinder’s report shows the country’s hotels led Asia in international arrivals, with foreign guests accounting for 77% of total check-ins, well above the global average of 48%. This figure saw Thailand rank second globally, surpassed only by Austria.

Data takeaways — Thai hotels

Travellers who stayed at Thai properties booked their stays further in advance, with the average lead time reaching 27 days — the longest in Asia and approaching the 29-day booking window observed in 2019.

Strengthening Thailand’s status as a premier leisure destination, local properties ranked fifth globally for the longest stays, with over 15% of bookings lasting three nights or more. This is higher than the 11% global average, following counterparts in Portugal (21%), Colombia, Mexico, and Spain (18%).

While December remained Thailand’s busiest month, Thai properties relied less on the last month of the year for annual arrivals. Guest volumes during the cool months of 2024 rose compared to the same period the previous year, reflecting a more balanced distribution of visitors during the country’s peak period.

“The rise in the average room rates in Thailand, coupled with the strong resurgence of international guests, suggests not only a lucrative year for Thai properties but a local hotel industry that is thriving amid bolstered confidence to travel in the country. To stay competitive and relevant, hotels need to be dynamic and what our data shows is that hotels in Thailand both recognised and achieved this in 2024,” SiteMinder Thailand Country Manager Supakrit Phansomboon explained.

Top 12 booking sources for Thai hotels

The Top 12 hotel booking sources for Thai properties, based on the total gross revenue they generated via SiteMinder’s platform in 2024, were:

  • Booking.com
  • Agoda
  • Hotel websites (direct bookings)
  • Expedia Group
  • Trip.com
  • Hotelbeds
  • Tiket.com
  • Goibibo & MakeMyTrip
  • Traveloka
  • WebBeds
  • Klook
  • TBOHolidays

The growth in international check-ins, led predominantly by Asian guests, propelled Klook – popular among travellers from markets such as Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan and the Philippines – to debut as a top revenue-generating channel in Thailand. Meanwhile, Trip.com’s consistent performance underscores China’s position as Thailand’s largest source market, further buoyed by the introduction of visa exemptions for Chinese travellers in early 2024.

Notably, hotel websites reclaimed their place in the top three, surpassing Expedia Group after being overtaken the previous year. This coincides with the global finding in SiteMinder’s report, which found that hotel websites performed strongly last year, generating an average of US$519 per booking for hotels – 8.5% higher than the prior year and outpacing the average booking value generated by OTAs by more than 60% at US$320.

“Travellers who book directly typically choose higher-value rooms, stay longer, and add extras. Each of these factors represents a significant opportunity for hotels to provide those exclusive deals travellers are looking for, and our findings show that many hotels are doing this effectively,” Phansomboon noted

Chinese booking early for CNY holiday

SHENZHEN, 27 January 2025: DidaTravel, a tech-driven global travel distribution company, has unveiled key traveller trends during the 2025 Chinese New Year period.  

This year, the Chinese New Year, which marks the Year of the Snake, spans an eight-day holiday from Tuesday, 28 January to Tuesday, 4 February. 

Chinese travellers have booked holidays earlier, with the booking windows increasing from 45 to 54 days before the Chinese New Year holiday season kicks off on 28 January.

According to DidaTravel’s booking data, total outbound hotel bookings during the Chinese New Year increased 48% compared to 2024.

For outbound mainland Chinese travellers, Japan, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong SAR, the USA, Australia, Spain, and Italy emerged as the top destinations. 

Hotel bookings by Chinese travellers have tripled in Japan, with USA hotel bookings more than doubling. Short-haul Asian destinations such as Indonesia, Vietnam, and South Korea are in the top 20 list of destinations. Long-haul countries such as New Zealand, France, the UK, Finland, Iceland and Switzerland also remain popular. Norway has entered the top 20 destinations list.

The average daily rate (ADR) for hotels globally increased by nearly 10% during this holiday. However, the share of five-star hotel bookings decreased from 32.2% to 26.5%, while bookings for three – to four-star hotels saw a notable rise. The average length of stay for Chinese travellers per hotel remained steady at three days, the same as last year.

DidaTravel Head of Hotel Direct Contracting Snow Xiao said: “We are thrilled to witness the emergence of new popular destinations for Chinese travellers and their growing willingness to venture to longer-haul destinations. 

Inbound travel bookings to the Chinese mainland during Chinese New Year have achieved double-digit growth year-on-year, with top bookings made by travellers from South Korea, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Japan, the US, Australia, Germany and the UK.  

ForwardKeys maps CNY air ticket data

SINGAPORE, 27 January 2025: Air travel data from travel intelligence leader ForwardKeys reveals a significant post-pandemic rebound in Chinese outbound travel for the upcoming Chinese New Year (CNY) vacation. 

The eight-day holiday from the 28 January to the 4 February has prompted a surge in departures, with peaks recorded on the 18 and 25 January as many travellers make their journeys before the festivities.

Photo credit: ForwardKeys.

“The extended holiday CNY 2025, part of a government initiative to stimulate tourism and cultural exchange, is positively impacting travel patterns,” commented  ForwardKeys Market Analyst (China) Nancy Dai.

“We’re seeing a clear trend of travellers departing earlier than the official holiday starts to avoid the rush, with another peak expected on 30 January, most likely driven by those seeking short-haul getaways after spending the first days of the holiday at home or with family.”

Regional Travel Rebounds 

Chinese outbound travel to Asia during the holiday period is experiencing a remarkable recovery, nearing pre-pandemic levels. “Looking at the whole period from 13 January to 16 February, our flight tickets data reveals a +48% year-on-year increase in outbound travel from China to other Asian destinations, closing the gap with 2019 levels to just 8%,” reported Dai.

“Southeast Asian countries are proving popular,” she added, “ForwardKeys analysis highlights Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam as standout performers, with growth rates of +41%, +26%, and +8%, respectively — compared to their performance in 2019. Relaxed visa policies in these countries have undoubtedly contributed to their appeal. However, while Thailand and Indonesia show year-on-year growth, they remain slightly behind 2019 figures.”

“Japan has emerged as the top-performing destination in Asia. “The depreciation of the Yen has made Japan a desirable option for Chinese travellers, resulting in a staggering 104% increase compared to 2024 — and a 20% increase compared to 2019,” Dai explained. 

South Korea, while slightly behind 2019 levels, has seen a 13% increase compared to 2024, supported by a rise in flight capacity.

Russia, UAE, UK and Europe make gains

“While Chinese outbound travel to destinations outside Asia remains -15% below 2019 levels, it has seen a healthy +24% increase compared to 2024. “This demonstrates a strong recovery and increasing demand for international travel beyond Asia,” commented Dai.

Russia, in particular, has seen remarkable growth. “Outbound travel to Russia is +30% up on 2024 and an impressive +39% above pre-pandemic levels — partly due to the rising popularity of winter destinations, eased visa restrictions and increased flight capacity,” Dai explained. 

The UAE continues to be a popular visa-free destination, showing +9% year-over-year growth and +14% compared to 2019. European countries, including the UK, France, Italy, Spain, and Germany, have also experienced substantial growth, all performing +20% compared to 2024.

Increased seat capacity is a key driver of long-haul growth. “Destinations like Canada, Russia, Spain, the USA, and France have seen substantial increases in seat capacity — 165%, 65%, 55%, 42%, and 18% year-on-year, respectively — making them more accessible to Chinese travellers,” Dai highlighted.

For the full report, visit:

ForwardKeys Chinese New Year report 

(Source: ForwardKeys Actual Air Ticket Data)

Air India’s AI moves up a notch

GURUGRAM, India, 27 January 2025: Air India has rolled out an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven feature eZ Booking, for customers to complete their reservation on its website in fewer steps than currently available. 

Currently available exclusively for members of Maharaja Club, Air India’s loyalty programme, the innovation helps customers book their tickets on the Air India website, airindia.com, by eliminating several commands and without having to navigate multiple screens. eZ Booking is another step in Air India’s endeavour to give its customers an enhanced and seamless experience.

Photo credit: Air India. eZ Booking start-up page.

eZ Booking is powered by intelligent ‘Agentic AI’ tools and simulates the role of a travel agent by listening to the customer’s requirements and generating a customised itinerary. ‘Agentic AI’ helps users complete complex tasks with minimal human intervention, utilising machine learning, natural language processing, and automation technologies to take decisive action.

The reservation journey on digital channels for airline customers involves navigating multiple screens to enter travel details, select from available choices, and feed in information about travellers before paying and getting the ticket. 

How eZ Booking works

Simple steps: Customers can express their travel needs in simple natural language. For example, they can say, ‘Give me the first flight from Delhi to Mumbai tomorrow’ or ‘I need to go to Chennai from Mumbai next Thursday and return on Friday,’ just like they would convey their travel needs to a human travel agent. 

Voice input: Guests can also talk to eZ Booking instead of entering text. This further simplifies the effort needed to convey the travel intention and creates an almost human-like interaction.

Changes with minimum commands: If guests are not satisfied with the itinerary provided, they can change it with additional input on what needs to be modified through text or voice commands.